Brian Schiff’s Blog

Lately, I have been working with an elite swimmer hoping to make it to the 2012 Olympics in London.  It has been blast training her since she is so fit, driven and willing to embrace training with a smile each session.  I mean seriously, how many 16 year olds do you know that swim 5 hours per day, go to school, and train with someone like me 3x/week?

While I utilize many common exercises in her program, I definitely pepper in several ones aimed at maximizing core and shoulder strength/stability.  One of the exercises I use from time to time with her is a shoulder glide exercise.  I thought I would share this little gem today.

This is NOT an exercise I recommend for people with shoulder impingement, recurrent instability, poor shoulder mobility or those lacking a high level of fitness to begin with.  In other words, this is no sissy exercise and it can be dangerous if used improperly.

To start with, I had my swimmer do it with both hands.  Once she demonstrated the right form with ease, we progressed to this version in the video below:

So, if you are looking for a great way to challenge and improve shoulder and core strength, this is one to add to your arsenal.  Be wary of gliding out too fast as this is a sign your upper body and/or core is not strong enough to decelerate the motion effectively.  The pull back motion is a great way to strengthen the lats and swimming muscles as well, all the while exposing and resolving any single sided deficiencies.

According to research, more than 70% of people in the US will experience at least one episode of low back pain (LBP) in their life.  What is known about LBP and jogging?  Keep in mind running is an extension activity in the spine.  It also involves obvious repetitive compression/loading with ground impact.

A recent study in the Journal of Athletic Training (Sept./Oct. 2009) looked at the impact of lumbar paraspinal muscle fatigue and postural adjustments seen in running.  Poor lumbar extension endurance has been linked to increased risk for developing LBP.  In this study, researches looked at 25 recreationally active participants with a history of recurrent episodes of LBP and 25 healthy controls.

The testing process included:

1. 5 minute warm-up on the treadmill
2. 60 seconds of treadmill jogging at self selected pace
3. 1 set of fatiguing isometric lumbar extension exercise
4. Another 60 second treadmill jog at the same speed

For your reference, the fatiguing lumbar exercise consisted of repeated cycles of 10 second, gravity resisted isometric contractions followed by a 10 second rest on a lumber hyper extension chair.  So, what did the results show?

In a nutshell, those with a history of recurrent LBP showed much less postural adjustment with the muscle fatigue compared to their healthy counterparts.  The healthy subjects tended to exhibit a more forward trunk lean (1.1 degrees or less lumbar lordosis) and increase lateral bend during jogging gait.

On the flip side, those with recurrent LBP, they tended to stay more upright (0.2 degrees of additional lean on average).  The authors feel this may indicate a coping mechanism due to core instability and a way to effectively stabilize the spine.    Increased trunk lean would increase forces on the spine and intervertebral disc.  The lack of change in the population with LBP may help explain excessive fatigue in the muscles that support the spine, pelvis and hips.

So what does this mean for those who have LBP?  The postural change, or rather lack thereof, may be an Aha moment in regard to the need for improved core training for runners and athletes.  It should also indicate that long term running or athletic competitions may increase the risk for more frequent LBP or a greater back injury. 

There are three big takeaway messages here:

1. Include low back extension endurance training in your workouts
2. Integrate appropriate core exercises (planks, side planks, 3 dimensional exercise) to improve strength and stability of the hips, pelvis and spine
3. Get professional evaluation and training from a knowledgeable fitness pro if you have LBP

As I was preparing a talk on body weight training for the knee today, I came across a new article in September edition of the Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.  The article discusses the effects of  lower limb plyometric training on body composition, explosive strength and kicking speed.

In short, the authors looked at 20 elite female soccer players over a 12 week period.  Half of the players were assigned to a control group who did normal conditioning (including general strength training but no weights) on M,W and F, while the plyometric group did just the plyometrics on those same days.

Assessments were done 1 week prior to starting, 6 weeks in, 1 week after cessation and 5 weeks after the program is finished.  In summary the results for the plyometric group were:

• No significant change in body composition
• Players were able to increase explosive strength in 6 weeks
• Kicking speed improved after 12 weeks of plyometric training
• Players were able to maintain these gains for weeks after training ceased just with regular soccer training

I have long advocated soccer players do plyometrics on the field after the warm-up period to increase power and reduce injuries.  Now, it appears the increased explosive strength gains may be transferred to a sport specific skill in terms of kicking speed.

In the article the procedure utilized horizontal hurdle hops, depth jumps and horizontal jumps.  For coaches and players looking for a simple field routine, consider the following drills:

1. Squat jumps – Squat down to load the muscles and then jump straight up and down continuously for maximal height.  Continue jumping in one smooth fluid motion for 10 repetitions focusing on soft landings and the knees staying in line with the knees and not caving inward.  Perform 1-2 sets.
2. Split jumps – stand in the lunge position and then jump straight up and back down with maximal explosion.  Repeat 10 times with the left leg forward and then repeat with the right foot forward.  Do 1-2 sets.
3. Consecutive broad jumps -perform 5 consecutive broad jumps for distance.  Rest 30-45 seconds and repeat 1-2 times.
4. Power speed skater – drive off the left leg moving laterally and land on the right leg, then immediately drive off the right leg and land on the left leg.  Perform 1-2 sets 0f 10 repetitions continuously (back and forth = 1).

These four basic plyometric drills require no equipment and are very effective for improving performance.  Consistency is key to get the best results.  Blending the plyometrics with body weight and core strengthening will only serve to enhance the neuromuscular training effects in my opinion as well as to serve to prevent injuries.

In this final post, I will show two simple yet very effective reactive drills I use with one of my clients training for Saber fencing for the 2012 Olympic games.  In terms of reactive agility training, you can utilize  audio, visual or even kinesthetic cues.

As it was difficult to video myself and the client, I chose to use audio cues for this post so you could see the drills.  I also use visual cues to train her with these same reactive movements.  In this drill, the focus is precise quick footwork in a linear pattern.  I have also added in some left and right linear movements as the athlete does lunge or attack off center in certain instances during a match.

In many cases, success in fencing is defined by inches.  The ability to anticipate the opponent’s movements and react faster is crucial.  We use several of these drills to work on her footwork in space.  Keep in mind that the progression from simple planned agility drills to more complex reactive agility training yields optimal results. 

With that said, strive for repetition and mastery fo the most crucial movement patterns/skills and avoid temptation to get too creative.  Use drills that train precise movements in applicable spaces for appropriate time intervals.  Focusing on this mix will elevate performance and get those inches you need in sport.

In the first two posts on this topic I have shown you predictive agility drills.  These are great for the beginning phases of training and early pre-season conditioning.  Once athletes understand how to move properly, it is time to turn your attention to reactive agility as this more appropriately mirrors sport.

There are countless games and drills you can use with your athletes.  I have certain “go to” drills if you will but am always looking for new ones or more importantly the best ones for each athlete or group of athletes I am working with.

Today I included some video taken from a field hockey speed clinic I held last month.  A primary goal was to show the team a bevy of drills they could use to improve speed, agility and quickness.   Another important goal was to make the hard work seem FUN.  

You see I was an athlete not so long ago and I know athletes really don’t get very excited about conditioning because that usually involves running, sweat and fatigue, right?  So, anytime you can introduce games and competition to get maximal effort from your players or clients, it becomes a win-win for all involved.

In the video clip today, you will see a friendly game of partner tag.  Is this ingenious?  Absolutely not.  But, I strategically placed cones in a circle and then asked about 12 players to move within the circle trying not to get caught.  Group one worked for 30 seconds while group two rested and then we switched.

So, the pairs designated an initial “it” person and when the whistle blew the offensive player tried to evade while the defense pursued.  This timed drill accomplishes all of the following great things:

·         Unpredictable movement

·         Variable speed

·         Variable cutting cutting angles

·         Acceleration and deceleration

·         Multiple bodies in the same space (very game like)

·         Great anaerobic conditioning

Some may say there is a greater risk of injury by confining the athletes.  I simply respond by saying the playing field has boundaries and in sport there will be collision at times as well as the very real need to maneuver tightly and quickly around people to avoid collisions and score.  By the way, not one person collided in our drill.  Safety or the lack thereof with tag comes down to preparation and proper instruction prior to starting.

Leading up to partner tag, I always initiate more basic partner mirror drills for linear FW/BW running, shuffles and combinations in a 4 cone pattern (smaller area with only two at a time).  These simpler condensed drills lay the foundation for an all out reactive game of tag.

The take home message is that reactive agility must be a progressive part of your field or court training to help refine proper movement patterns, reduce injury risk and maximize athletic performance.  In my final post, I will reveal an even more specific reactive agility drill with an Olympic level fencer I am training for the 2012 games.